Nutritional Fundamentals for Health

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Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a phytochemical derived in high concentrations from the Brassica family of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. I3C and its derivative compounds have been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects in the human body. I3C has been shown to exhibit direct antiestrogenic activity via competitive inhibition of estrogen receptors; upregulat...

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Prostaglandins are a class of hormone-like compounds called eicosanoids, which have biological activities in tissue repair and inflammation, amongst other actions. The prostaglandin‑2 series (PG‑2) are known to be potent proinflammatory mediators synthesized by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, while the prostaglandin‑1 (PG‑1) and prostaglandin‑3 (PG‑3) series h...

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Prostaglandins are a class of hormone-like compounds called eicosanoids, which have biological activities in tissue repair and inflammation, amongst other actions. The prostaglandin‑2 series (PG‑2) are known to be potent proinflammatory mediators synthesized by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, while the prostaglandin‑1 (PG‑1) and prostaglandin‑3 (PG‑3) series h...

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders and female infertility. Signs and symptoms of PCOS may include anovulation or menstrual irregularities; ovarian cysts on ultrasound; hyperandrogenism including hirsutism, acne, and alopecia; insulin resistance; and obesity. Insulin resistance and secondary hyperinsulinemia appear to play a causative role in the de...

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Iron-deficiency anemia is the most prevalent type of anemia in North America. It can cause fatigue, weakness, headaches, and poor concentration. Particularly susceptible are women of child-bearing age and pregnant women, children, undernourished laborers, and the very poor. In children, deficiency can result in irreversible impairment of growth and cognitive development, emotional problems, and im...

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Vitamin K is involved in blood coagulation, bone metabolism and assists in reducing urinary calcium excretion. Vitamin K is a cofactor in several biochemical pathways, especially, the γ-carboxylation of glutamyl residues in the bone protein osteocalcin, matrix γ-carboxyglutamyl protein, and protein S. Vitamin K2 is the most potent form, exerting the highest gamma-carboxylation activity w...

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Folic acid, or folate, is a B vitamin that must be derived from either dietary sources or via supplementation. Folate is necessary for a biochemical process in the body called "methylation" or "one-carbon metabolism." This process does not work adequately in a significant number of individuals who have a genetic polymorphism, and it may contribute to a host of different concerns, including ne...

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Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) has been traditionally used in herbal medicine for centuries for its anxiolytic and calming properties. Lavender essential oil for oral supplementation is obtained from steam distillation of the flowering tops of L. angustifolia. Containing more than 160 different substances, the anxiolytic effects of lavender oil are attributed to the active ingredients lina...

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ʟ-Carnitine plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism and has important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. ʟ-Carnitine is a nonessential amino acid synthesized primarily in the liver and kidneys from the amino acids lysine and methionine. ʟ-Carnitine is stored in skeletal muscles, brain, heart, and sperm, and therefore plays a functional role in each of these tissu...

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ʟ-Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body. Glutamine is metabolized in the small intestine and serves as an important fuel source for intestinal mucosa. Glutamine plays an important protective role in the intestinal tract, and is crucial for patients with increased permeability of the intestinal system, which can be seen in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases includi...

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Liquid B12 SAP provides the essential water-soluble vitamin B12 in its highly bioavailable methylcobalamin form for improved absorption and efficacy. Methylcobalamin is crucial for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism as well as DNA biosynthesis. Methylcobalamin supports healthy red blood cells and nervous system. It is also required for maintaining optimal homocysteine levels for supp...

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Melatonin is a hormone (N‑acetyl-5‑methoxytryptamine) produced especially at night in the pineal gland. Its secretion is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Melatonin, an indole, is synthesized from tryptophan via serotonin. The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus have melatonin receptors and melatonin may have a direct action on SCN to influence circadian (slee...